Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC) and IO APIC

This is implemented in apic.

The APIC is a part of the CPU, and it is used to manage interrupts and exceptions. It is used to manage the interrupts and exceptions that are triggered by hardware devices, and it is also used to manage the interrupts and exceptions that are triggered by the CPU itself.

Initialization

The initialization of the APIC is done using ACPI tables, which contains data about the ACPI, such as:

• Number of CPUs.
• The APIC ID of each CPU.
• The address of the IO APIC.

The APIC is a memory-mapped address provided by the CPU, we can fetch it by reading the MSR register 0x1B (which is the APIC_BASE register).

Then we can map the APIC and IOAPIC (also memory-mapped) addresses to the virtual address space using virtual space.

Interrupts

The APIC can be used to allocate and assign interrupts to hardware devices. We can use the functions:

• assign_io_irq to assign an interrupt to a hardware device.
• assign_io_irq_custom which is similar to the above but provide extra changes to the interrupt, such as:
  • with_interrupt_polarity_low: Set the interrupt polarity to low/high (boolean).
  • with_trigger_mode_level: Set the trigger mode to level/edge (boolean).
  • with_mask: Set the interrupt to be masked or not (boolean).

It will set up the interrupts with the correct IO APIC based on the argument irq_num provided.

Currently, we have these interrupts configured:

• 1: Used by the keyboard driver.
• 14 & 15: Used by the IDE driver.
• HPET timer, with interrupt number specified dynamically based on its configuration, but looks to be 2 on the VM.

We also have interrupts from the APIC itself, such as:

• Timer interrupt: this is used by the scheduler to switch between processes.
• Error interrupt: This is mapped, but haven't seen it triggered yet.
• Spurious interrupt: This is mapped, but haven't seen it triggered yet.